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If one began a numerical sequence at 0, then included 3, 6, 12, 24, 48, etc., doubling each time, and added four to each number and divided by 10, this produced a remarkably close approximation to the radii of the orbits of the known planets as measured in astronomical units provided one allowed for a "missing planet" (equivalent to 24 in the sequence) between the orbits of Mars (12) and Jupiter (48). In an anonymous footnote to his 1766 translation of Charles Bonnet's Contemplation de la Nature, the astronomer Johann Daniel Titius of Wittenberg noted an apparent pattern in the layout of the planets, now known as the Titius-Bode Law.
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While analyzing Tycho Brahe's data, Kepler thought that there was too large a gap between the orbits of Mars and Jupiter to fit Kepler’s then-current model of where planetary orbits should be found. In 1596, Johannes Kepler wrote, "Between Mars and Jupiter, I place a planet," in his Mysterium Cosmographicum, stating his prediction that a planet would be found there. See also: Definition of planet and List of minor planets According to one of the scientists, "The lines are becoming more and more blurred between comets and asteroids". The finding was unexpected because comets, not asteroids, are typically considered to "sprout jets and plumes". The detection was made by using the far-infrared abilities of the Herschel Space Observatory. On 22 January 2014, ESA scientists reported the detection, for the first definitive time, of water vapor on Ceres, the largest object in the asteroid belt. Ĭlasses of small Solar System bodies in other regions are the near-Earth objects, the centaurs, the Kuiper belt objects, the scattered disc objects, the sednoids, and the Oort cloud objects. At these orbital distances, a Kirkwood gap occurs as they are swept into other orbits. Asteroid orbits continue to be appreciably perturbed whenever their period of revolution about the Sun forms an orbital resonance with Jupiter. Some fragments eventually found their way into the inner Solar System, leading to meteorite impacts with the inner planets. As a result, 99.9% of the asteroid belt's original mass was lost in the first 100 million years of the Solar System's history. Collisions became too violent, and instead of fusing together, the planetesimals and most of the protoplanets shattered. Between Mars and Jupiter, however, gravitational perturbations from Jupiter imbued the protoplanets with too much orbital energy for them to accrete into a planet. Planetesimals are the smaller precursors of the protoplanets. The asteroid belt formed from the primordial solar nebula as a group of planetesimals. Individual asteroids within the asteroid belt are categorized by their spectra, with most falling into three basic groups: carbonaceous ( C-type), silicate ( S-type), and metal-rich ( M-type). Nonetheless, collisions between large asteroids do occur, and these can produce an asteroid family whose members have similar orbital characteristics and compositions. The asteroid material is so thinly distributed that numerous unmanned spacecraft have traversed it without incident. The remaining bodies range down to the size of a dust particle. The total mass of the asteroid belt is approximately 4% that of the Moon.Ĭeres, the only object in the asteroid belt large enough to be a dwarf planet, is about 950 km in diameter, whereas Vesta, Pallas, and Hygiea have mean diameters of less than 600 km. About half its mass is contained in the four largest asteroids: Ceres, Vesta, Pallas, and Hygiea. The asteroid belt is the smallest and innermost known circumstellar disc in the Solar System. This asteroid belt is also called the main asteroid belt or main belt to distinguish it from other asteroid populations in the Solar System such as near-Earth asteroids and trojan asteroids. It contains a great many solid, irregularly shaped bodies, of many sizes but much smaller than planets, called asteroids or minor planets. The asteroid belt is a torus-shaped region in the Solar System, located roughly between the orbits of the planets Jupiter and Mars. The total mass of the asteroid belt is significantly less than Pluto's, and approximately twice that of Pluto's moon Charon. By far the largest object within the belt is the dwarf planet Ceres.